# 🎯 Built-in Modules Demo

# Import some popular built-in modules
import datetime
import random
import math
import os

print("🛠️ Built-in Modules Showcase:")

# DateTime - Working with dates and times
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(f"📅 Current time: {now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")

tomorrow = now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
print(f"📅 Tomorrow: {tomorrow.strftime('%A, %B %d')}")

# Random - Generate random values
random_number = random.randint(1, 100)
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'purple']
random_color = random.choice(colors)
print(f"🎲 Random number: {random_number}")
print(f"🎨 Random color: {random_color}")

# Math - Mathematical operations
angle = 45
radians = math.radians(angle)
sine_value = math.sin(radians)
print(f"📐 Sin({angle}°) = {sine_value:.3f}")
print(f"🔢 Square root of 16: {math.sqrt(16)}")

# OS - System operations
current_directory = os.getcwd()
print(f"📁 Current directory: {os.path.basename(current_directory)}")

# 📅 DateTime Module Deep Dive

import datetime
from datetime import date, time, timedelta

print("📅 DateTime Module Examples:")

# Current date and time
now = datetime.datetime.now()
today = date.today()
print(f"Right now: {now}")
print(f"Today's date: {today}")

# Creating specific dates
my_birthday = date(1990, 5, 15)
meeting_time = datetime.datetime(2024, 3, 20, 14, 30)  # March 20, 2:30 PM
print(f"Birthday: {my_birthday}")
print(f"Meeting: {meeting_time}")

# Date arithmetic
one_week_later = today + timedelta(weeks=1)
thirty_days_ago = today - timedelta(days=30)
print(f"One week from today: {one_week_later}")
print(f"30 days ago: {thirty_days_ago}")

# Formatting dates
print(f"\nDate Formatting Examples:")
formats = [
    ("%Y-%m-%d", "Standard format"),
    ("%B %d, %Y", "Long format"),
    ("%m/%d/%Y", "US format"),
    ("%A", "Day of week"),
    ("%I:%M %p", "12-hour time")
]

for fmt, description in formats:
    formatted = now.strftime(fmt)
    print(f"  {description}: {formatted}")

# Time calculations
age_days = (today - my_birthday).days
age_years = age_days // 365
print(f"\nAge calculation:")
print(f"Days since birthday: {age_days}")
print(f"Approximate age: {age_years} years")

# 🎲 Random Module Examples

import random

print("🎲 Random Module Showcase:")

# Random numbers
print("Random numbers:")
print(f"  Random float (0-1): {random.random():.3f}")
print(f"  Random integer (1-10): {random.randint(1, 10)}")
print(f"  Random float (10-20): {random.uniform(10, 20):.2f}")

# Random choices
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape', 'kiwi']
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow', 'purple']

print(f"\nRandom selections:")
print(f"  Random fruit: {random.choice(fruits)}")
print(f"  Random color: {random.choice(colors)}")

# Multiple random items
random_fruits = random.sample(fruits, 3)  # 3 unique items
print(f"  3 random fruits: {random_fruits}")

# Shuffling lists
deck = ['A', 'K', 'Q', 'J', '10', '9', '8', '7']
print(f"  Original deck: {deck}")
random.shuffle(deck)
print(f"  Shuffled deck: {deck}")

# Random with weights (some items more likely)
weighted_choices = random.choices(
    population=['common', 'rare', 'legendary'],
    weights=[70, 25, 5],  # 70% common, 25% rare, 5% legendary
    k=10  # Generate 10 items
)
print(f"\nWeighted random (10 items): {weighted_choices}")

# Simple password generator
letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
digits = '0123456789'
all_chars = letters + letters.upper() + digits

password = ''.join(random.choice(all_chars) for _ in range(8))
print(f"Random password: {password}")

# 🔢 Math Module Examples

import math

print("🔢 Math Module Showcase:")

# Basic mathematical constants
print("Mathematical constants:")
print(f"  Pi (π): {math.pi}")
print(f"  Euler's number (e): {math.e}")
print(f"  Infinity: {math.inf}")

# Rounding and absolute values
numbers = [3.14159, -2.7, 4.9, -1.1]
print(f"\nNumber operations:")
for num in numbers:
    print(f"  {num}: ceil={math.ceil(num)}, floor={math.floor(num)}, abs={abs(num)}")

# Powers and roots
print(f"\nPowers and roots:")
print(f"  2^8 = {math.pow(2, 8)}")
print(f"  √64 = {math.sqrt(64)}")
print(f"  ∛27 = {math.pow(27, 1/3):.2f}")

# Trigonometry (angles in radians)
angles_degrees = [0, 30, 45, 60, 90]
print(f"\nTrigonometry:")
for angle in angles_degrees:
    radians = math.radians(angle)
    sin_val = math.sin(radians)
    cos_val = math.cos(radians)
    print(f"  {angle}°: sin={sin_val:.3f}, cos={cos_val:.3f}")

# Logarithms
print(f"\nLogarithms:")
print(f"  log₁₀(100) = {math.log10(100)}")
print(f"  ln(e) = {math.log(math.e):.3f}")
print(f"  log₂(8) = {math.log2(8)}")

# Distance between two points
x1, y1 = 0, 0
x2, y2 = 3, 4
distance = math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2 + (y2-y1)**2)
print(f"\nDistance from ({x1},{y1}) to ({x2},{y2}): {distance}")

# 💻 OS Module Examples

import os
import sys

print("💻 OS Module Showcase:")

# System information
print("System information:")
print(f"  Operating system: {os.name}")
print(f"  Platform: {sys.platform}")
print(f"  Python version: {sys.version.split()[0]}")

# Directory operations
current_dir = os.getcwd()
home_dir = os.path.expanduser("~")
print(f"\nDirectory information:")
print(f"  Current directory: {os.path.basename(current_dir)}")
print(f"  Home directory: {os.path.basename(home_dir)}")

# List files in current directory
print(f"\nFiles in current directory:")
try:
    items = os.listdir(".")
    files = [item for item in items if os.path.isfile(item)]
    dirs = [item for item in items if os.path.isdir(item)]
    
    print(f"  📁 Directories ({len(dirs)}): {dirs[:3]}...")  # Show first 3
    print(f"  📄 Files ({len(files)}): {files[:3]}...")      # Show first 3
except PermissionError:
    print("  Cannot list directory contents")

# Path operations
sample_path = "/home/user/documents/file.txt"
print(f"\nPath operations on: {sample_path}")
print(f"  Directory: {os.path.dirname(sample_path)}")
print(f"  Filename: {os.path.basename(sample_path)}")
print(f"  Extension: {os.path.splitext(sample_path)[1]}")

# Join paths properly (cross-platform)
new_path = os.path.join("documents", "projects", "python", "script.py")
print(f"  Joined path: {new_path}")

# Environment variables
print(f"\nEnvironment variables:")
user = os.environ.get("USER") or os.environ.get("USERNAME", "Unknown")
path_var = os.environ.get("PATH", "Not found")
print(f"  Current user: {user}")
print(f"  PATH variable: {len(path_var.split(os.pathsep))} directories")